ABSTRACT
At present time, a variety of infectious and lifestyle diseases are becoming lifethreatening day by day. Development in technology and immergence of nanoscience helped to provide a better health care system. Based on the working mechanism nano-biosensors are of majorly two types: electrochemical nanobiosensor and optical nano-biosensor. Nanomaterials used in the nano-biosensor increased their efficacy, sensitivity, and selectivity of the device. Different diseases have different biomarkers to get detected such as, absorption of cholesterol oxidase detect cholesterol, glaucoma in a diabetes patient is detected by cytokine Interleukin 12 in tear, C-reactive protein is detected for liver inflammation, the SARS virus is detected by N-protein and miRNA is a potential biomarker of cancers, especially colorectal cancer. Hitherto, identification of a biomarker for a specific disease is the major work. The accuracy of nanobiosensor in diagnosing diseases put them in demand in the biomedical field. But the major drawback comes with the cost-effectiveness and use of nanomaterial in health sectors focussing on any toxicological impact of the nano-biosensor on health in long run. In this chapter, we present an overview of the working mechanism of different nano-biosensors in diagnosing different infectious and lifestyle diseases. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.
ABSTRACT
In this study, we theoretically propose a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor composed of a plasmonic gold film, double negative (DNG) metamaterial, graphene-MoS2-COOH Van der Waals heterostructures and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). We use a novel scheme of Goos-Hanchen (GH) shift to study the biosensing performances of our proposed plasmonic biosensor. The calculation results show that, both an extreme low reflectivity of 8.52x10(-10) and significantly enhanced GH sensitivity of 2.1530x10(7) mu m/RIU can be obtained, corresponding to the optimal configuration: 32 nm Au film/120 nm metamaterial/4-layer graphene/4-layer MoS2-COOH. In addition, there is a theoretically excellent linear response between the concentration of target analytes (SARS-CoV-2 and S protein) and the change in differential GH shift. Our proposed biosensor promises to be a useful tool for performing the novel coronavirus detection.
ABSTRACT
Over the last few decades, the emergence and re-emergence of various pathogenic viruses have significantly impacted human health. The continuous rise in cases with increasing mortality rates has driven the chase for effective treatment options and early diagnosis to combat this global health issue. Currently, used laboratory techniques for virus detection require complex equipment, trained personnel, and, most importantly, are time-consuming. In times of outbreaks and epidemics like COVID-19 and Ebola, easy-to-use and point-of-care tests, especially for developing and underdeveloped countries, are indispensable. This chapter explicitly discusses the availability of the detection methods for various human viral pathogens with their shortcomings and recent advancements in biosensors. With the ongoing improvement in biosensors, these hold important avenues for rapid, sensitive, and scalable devices for viral diagnostic purposes. The effectiveness of previously known and current approaches/devices/methods that utilize different principles for detection has also been reviewed here, with the listing of all the available tests for various human pathogens. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.
ABSTRACT
COVID-19, a viral respiratory illness, is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was first identified in Wuhan, China, in 2019 and rapidly spread worldwide. Testing and isolation were essential to control the virus's transmission due to the severity of the disease. In this context, there is a global interest in the feasibility of employing nano-biosensors, especially those using graphene as a key material, for the real-time detection of the virus. The exceptional properties of graphene and the outstanding performance of nano-biosensors in identifying various viruses prompted a feasibility check on this technology. This paper focuses on the recent advances in using graphene-based electrochemical biosensors for sensing the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Specifically, it reviews various types of electrochemical biosensors, including amperometric, potentiometric, and impedimetric biosensors, and discusses the current challenges associated with biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection. The conclusion of this review discusses future directions in the field of electrochemical biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection, underscoring the importance of continued research and development in this domain.
ABSTRACT
Since the end of 2021, Omicron, the new variant of SARS-CoV-2, has continued to spread as the predominant strain of COVID-19. Compared to previous variants, Omicron causes milder symptoms, which are similar to symptoms of other common respiratory infections, such as flu. In this work, we develop a silicon photonic chip-based biosensor for COVID-19 and flu detection using subwavelength grating micro-ring resonator. The biosensor realizes the detection of two pathogens with high sensitivity (1.31 fg/mL) and specificity. Besides, the microfluidic channel offers a promising solution for point-of-care detection. © 2023 SPIE.
ABSTRACT
The lack of enough diagnostic capacity to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) has been one of the major challenges in the control the 2019 COVID pandemic;this led to significant delay in prompt treatment of COVID-19 patients or accurately estimate disease situation. Current methods for the diagnosis of SARS-COV-2 infection on clinical specimens (e.g. nasal swabs) include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods, such as real-time reverse transcription (rRT) PCR, real-time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rRT-LAMP), and immunoassay based methods, such as rapid antigen test (RAT). These conventional PCR methods excel in sensitivity and specificity but require a laboratory setting and typically take up to six hours to obtain the results whereas RAT has a low sensitivity (typically at least 3000 TCID50/ml) although with the results with 15 mins. We have developed a robust micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) based impedance biosensor fit for rapid and accurate detection of SARS-COV-2 of clinical samples in the field with minimal training. The biosensor consisted of three regions that enabled concentrating, trapping, and sensing the virus present in low quantities with high selectivity and sensitivity in 40 minutes using an electrode coated with a specific SARS-COV-2 antibody cross-linker mixture. Changes in the impedance value due to the binding of the SARS-COV-2 antigen to the antibody will indicate positive or negative result. The testing results showed that the biosensor's limit of detection (LoD) for detection of inactivated SARS-COV-2 antigen in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was as low as 50 TCID50/ml. The biosensor specificity was confirmed using the influenza virus while the selectivity was confirmed using influenza polyclonal sera. Overall, the results showed that the biosensor is able to detect SARS-COV-2 in clinical samples (swabs) in 40 min with a sensitivity of 26 TCID50/ml.
ABSTRACT
We report a single-step, room-temperature, 5-10 minute SARS-CoV-2 saliva self-monitoring method that overcomes the limitations of existing approaches through the use of fluorophore-releasing Designer DNA Nanostructures (DDNs) that bind with the multivalent pattern of spike proteins on the exterior intact virions and an inexpensive smartphone-linked, pocket-size fluorimeter, called a "V-Pod” for its resemblance to an Apple AirPod™ headphone case. We characterize the V-Pod fluorimeter performance and the DDN-based assay to demonstrate a clinically relevant detection limit of 104 virus particles/mL for pseudo-typed WT SARS-CoV-2 and 105 virus particles/mL for real pathogenic variants, including Delta, Omicron, and D614g. © 2023 SPIE.
ABSTRACT
There is a need for rapid, sensitive, specific, and low-cost virus sensors. Recent work has demonstrated that organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) can detect the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. Here, a simple and low-cost approach to the fabrication of OECT devices with excellent stability and unprecedented sensitivity and specificity for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus is demonstrated. The devices rely on the engineered protein minibinder LCB1, which binds strongly to SARS-CoV-2. The resulting devices exhibit excellent sensitivity for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD). These results demonstrate a simple, effective, and low-cost biomolecular sensor applicable to the real-time detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus and a general strategy for OECT device design that can be applied for the detection of other pathogenic viruses.
ABSTRACT
Repeated public health menace caused by the pathogenic coronaviruses, including the present COVID-19 caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had devastating aftereffects, and an intense need for a promising solution has developed. Currently, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is being extensively utilized for detecting the virus from biological samples. However, it has certain limitations and fails to provide accurate and reliable results. Consequently, simple, portable, and pointof- care testing enabled biosensors have turned up as the most efficient and sustainable diagnostic tool. This review provides a brief introduction about the present global scenario due to the ongoing pandemic and concise information regarding the morphological details of coronaviruses. Thereafter, a summarized data is presented regarding the contemporary biosensing platforms fabricated to specifically identify fatal coronaviruses with particular emphasis towards surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensor, field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensor, colorimetric sensors, fluorescence-based sensors, and electrochemical (EC) immunosensors. A comparative analysis of the sensors is also presented along with a few future perspectives that can aid the development of smart and futuristic sensors. This review is expected to provide details to researchers about the ongoing biosensor-related experimentations and encourage them to develop innovative detection devices to manage the current pandemic. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.
ABSTRACT
Ribavirin is an important antiviral with demonstrated activity against coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and coronavirus disease 2019 virus. However, abuse of ribavirin will cause great environmental damage and threaten human health owing to its reproductive toxicity and teratogenicity. Therefore, an innovative detection method is demanded for simple and sensitive detection of ribavirin. This work reports an imprinted colloidal crystal array (ICCA) for ribavirin sensing. The building blocks of the ICCA are ribavirin imprinted spheres, which possess superior binding efficiency toward ribavirin. Benefiting from the highly ordered structure, the ICCA exhibits optical properties which change upon binding ribavirin. The changes in reflectance wavelength enable a fast and label-free detection of ribavirin between 21 and 245 μmol L−1. Moreover, the sensor shows excellent selectivity for ribavirin detection in river water. Overall, all the results reported in this work demonstrate that the ICCA should be a promising detection tool for antivirals. © 2023 Society of Industrial Chemistry. © 2023 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
ABSTRACT
Sensitive and anti-interference detection of targeted signal(s) in body fluids is one of the paramount tasks in biosensing. Overcoming the complication and high cost of antibody/aptamer-modification, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based on antibody/aptamer-free (AAF) substrates has shown great promise, yet with rather limited detection sensitivity. Herein, we report ultrasensitive and anti-interference detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in untreated saliva by an AAF SERS substrate, applying the evanescent field induced by the high-order waveguide modes of well-defined nanorods for SERS for the first time. A detection limit of 3.6 × 10-17 M and 1.6 × 10-16 M are obtained in phosphate buffered saline and untreated saliva, respectively; the detection limits are three orders of magnitude improved than the best records from AAF substrates. This work unlocks an exciting path to design AAF SERS substrates for ultrasensitive biosensing, not limited to detection of viral antigens.
ABSTRACT
Field-effect transistor (FET) is regarded as the most promising candidate for the next-generation biosensor, benefiting from the advantages of label-free, easy operation, low cost, easy integration, and direct detection of biomarkers in liquid environments. With the burgeoning advances in nanotechnology and biotechnology, researchers are trying to improve the sensitivity of FET biosensors and broaden their application scenarios from multiple strategies. In order to enable researchers to understand and apply FET biosensors deeply, focusing on the multidisciplinary technical details, the iteration and evolution of FET biosensors are reviewed from exploring the sensing mechanism in detecting biomolecules (research direction 1), the response signal type (research direction 2), the sensing performance optimization (research direction 3), and the integration strategy (research direction 4). Aiming at each research direction, forward perspectives and dialectical evaluations are summarized to enlighten rewarding investigations.
Subject(s)
Biosensing Techniques , Transistors, Electronic , Nanotechnology , Biosensing Techniques/methodsABSTRACT
Since the rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 (2019), the need for early diagnostic techniques to control this pandemic has been highlighted. Diagnostic methods based on virus replication, such as RT-PCR, are exceedingly time-consuming and expensive. As a result, a rapid and accurate electrochemical test which is both available and cost-effective was designed in this study. MXene nanosheets (Ti3C2Tx) and carbon platinum (Pt/C) were employed to amplify the signal of this biosensor upon hybridization reaction of the DNA probe and the virus's specific oligonucleotide target in the RdRp gene region. By the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique, the calibration curve was obtained for the target with varying concentrations ranging from 1 aM to 100 nM. Due to the increase in the concentration of the oligonucleotide target, the signal of DPV increased with a positive slope and a correlation coefficient of 0.9977. Therefore, at least a limit of detection (LOD) was obtained 0.4 aM. Furthermore, the specificity and sensitivity of the sensors were evaluated with 192 clinical samples with positive and negative RT-PCR tests, which revealed 100% accuracy and sensitivity, 97.87% specificity and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 60 copies/mL. Besides, various matrices such as saliva, nasopharyngeal swabs, and serum were assessed for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infection by the developed biosensor, indicating that this biosensor has the potential to be used for rapid Covid-19 test detection.
ABSTRACT
COVID-19, continually developing and raising increasingly significant issues, has impacted human health and caused countless deaths. It is an infectious disease with a high incidence and mortality rate. The spread of the disease is also a significant threat to human health, especially in the developing world. This study suggests a method called shuffle shepherd optimization-based generalized deep convolutional fuzzy network (SSO-GDCFN) to diagnose the COVID-19 disease state, types, and recovered categories. The results show that the accuracy of the proposed method is as high as 99.99%; similarly, precision is 99.98%; sensitivity/recall is 100%; specificity is 95%; kappa is 0.965%; AUC is 0.88%; and MSE is less than 0.07% as well as 25 s. Moreover, the performance of the suggested method has been confirmed by comparison of the simulation results from the proposed approach with those from several traditional techniques. The experimental findings demonstrate strong performance and high accuracy for categorizing COVID-19 stages with minimal reclassifications over the conventional methods.
ABSTRACT
Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as the infectious disease caused the pandemic disease around the world through infection by SARS-CoV-2 virus. The common diagnosis approach is Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) which is time consuming and labor intensive. In the present study a novel colorimetric aptasensor was developed based on intrinsic catalytic activity of chitosan film embedded with ZnO/CNT (ChF/ZnO/CNT) on 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate. The main nanocomposite platform was constructed and functionalized with specific COVID-19 aptamer. The construction subjected with TMB substrate and H2O2 in the presence of different concentration of COVID-19 virus. Separation of aptamer after binding with virus particles declined the nanozyme activity. Upon addition of virus concentration, the peroxidase like activity of developed platform and colorimetric signals of oxidized TMB decreased gradually. Under optimal conditions the nanozyme could detect the virus in the linear range of 1-500 pg mL and LOD of 0.05 pg mL. Also, a paper-based platform was used for set up the strategy on applicable device. The paper-based strategy showed a linear range between 50 and 500 pg mL with LOD of 8 pg mL. The applied paper based colorimetric strategy showed reliable results for sensitive and selective detection of COVID-19 virus with the cost-effective approach.
Subject(s)
Aptamers, Nucleotide , COVID-19 , Zinc Oxide , Humans , Peroxidase/metabolism , Oxidation-Reduction , Colorimetry/methods , Hydrogen Peroxide/analysis , Biomimetics , COVID-19/diagnosis , SARS-CoV-2 , Aptamers, Nucleotide/metabolismABSTRACT
SARS-CoV-2 rapid spread required urgent, accurate, and prompt diagnosis to control the virus dissemination and pandemic management. Several sensors were developed using different biorecognition elements to obtain high specificity and sensitivity. However, the task to achieve these parameters in combination with fast detection, simplicity, and portability to identify the biorecognition element even in low concentration remains a challenge. Therefore, we developed an electrochemical biosensor based on polypyrrole nanotubes coupled via Ni(OH)2 ligation to an engineered antigen-binding fragment of heavy chain-only antibodies (VHH) termed Sb#15. Herein we report Sb#15-His6 expression, purification, and characterization of its interaction with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 in addition to the construction and validation of a biosensor. The recombinant Sb#15 is correctly folded and interacts with the RBD with a dissociation constant (KD) of 27.1 ± 6.4 nmol/L. The biosensing platform was developed using polypyrrole nanotubes and Ni(OH)2, which can properly orientate the immobilization of Sb#15-His6 at the electrode surface through His-tag interaction for the sensitive SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection. The quantification limit was determined as 0.01 pg/mL using recombinant RBD, which was expressively lower than commercial monoclonal antibodies. In pre-characterized saliva, both Omicron and Delta SARS-CoV-2 were accurately detected only in positive samples, meeting all the requirements recommended by the World Health Organization for in vitro diagnostics. A low sample volume of saliva is needed to perform the detection, providing results within 15 min without further sample preparations. In summary, a new perspective allying recombinant VHHs with biosensor development and real sample detection was explored, addressing the need for accurate, rapid, and sensitive biosensors.
ABSTRACT
Highly contagious COVID-19 disease is caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which poses a serious threat to global public health. Therefore, the development of a fast and reliable method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 is an urgent research need. The Fe3O4@SiO2-Au is enriched with a variety of functional groups, which can be used to fabricate a sensitive electrochemical biosensor by biofunctionalization with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Accordingly, we developed a novel electrochemical sensor by chemically modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with Fe3O4@SiO2-Au nanocomposites (hereafter Fe3O4@SiO2-Au/GCE) for the rapid detection of S-protein spiked SARS-CoV-2 by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The new electrochemical sensor has a low limit detection (viz., 4.78 pg/mL) and a wide linear dynamic range (viz., 0.1 ng/mL to 10 μg/mL) for detecting the EIS response signal of S-protein. The robust Fe3O4@SiO2-Au/GCE biosensor has high selectivity, stability, and reproducibility for the detection of S-protein with good recovery of saliva samples.
ABSTRACT
The detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) was demonstrated using screened Fv-antibodies for SPR biosensor and impedance spectrometry. The Fv-antibody library was first prepared on the outer membrane of E. coli using autodisplay technology and the Fv-variants (clones) with a specific affinity toward the SARS-CoV-1 spike protein (SP) were screened using magnetic beads immobilized with the SP. Upon screening the Fv-antibody library, two target Fv-variants (clones) with a specific binding affinity toward the SARS-CoV-1 SP were determined and the Fv-antibodies on two clones were named "Anti-SP1" (with CDR3 amino acid sequence: 1GRTTG5NDRPD11Y) and "Anti-SP2" (with CDR3 amino acid sequence: 1CLRQA5GTADD11V). The binding affinities of the two screened Fv-variants (clones) were analyzed using flow cytometry and the binding constants (KD) were estimated to be 80.5 ± 3.6 nM for Anti-SP1 and 45.6 ± 8.9 nM for Anti-SP2 (n = 3). In addition, the Fv-antibody including three CDR regions (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) and frame regions (FRs) between the CDR regions was expressed as a fusion protein (Mw. 40.6 kDa) with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the KD values of the expressed Fv-antibodies toward the SP estimated to be 15.3 ± 1.5 nM for Anti-SP1 (n = 3) and 16.3 ± 1.7 nM for Anti-SP2 (n = 3). Finally, the expressed Fv-antibodies screened against SARS-CoV-1 SP (Anti-SP1 and Anti-SP2) were applied for the detection of SARS-CoV-1. Consequently, the detection of SARS-CoV-1 was demonstrated to be feasible using the SPR biosensor and impedance spectrometry utilizing the immobilized Fv-antibodies against the SARS-CoV-1 SP.
ABSTRACT
While the exploration into biomolecules for diagnostic and prognostic devices continues to develop, many molecules continue to be examined for individual diseases or treatments. Consequently, it can be difficult to fully understand the scope of one individual molecule's current and potential clinical utilization. The scope of this study aimed to assess the potential of Interferon Gamma-induced Protein 10 (IP-10) as a biomarker in a wide variety of diseases, both as a main and supplemental indicator of disease infection and progression. IP-10 is a chemokine secreted in response to IFN-gamma playing a major role in the activation and regulation of inflammatory and immune responses within the body. Currently, IP-10 has displayed potential application in diseases such as COVID-19, tuberculosis, sepsis, Kawasaki disease, cancer, and many more. Molecular assays developed for the detection of IP-10 take longer testing time, sophisticated instrument utilization, and need more sample volumes. These cannot be utilized for bedside patient monitoring during the illness state of the patient. Biosensing tools are alternative methods used at clinical sites due to their rapid results. Though many types of sensing mechanisms established for the detection of disease biomarkers such as optical, piezoelectric sensors, and electrochemical biosensors are far beyond the other sensing methods due to their ease of mechanism, rapid results, and portable nature. IP-10 has been a promising biomarker in different diseases, evaluation of IP-10 levels at different time points of treatments is necessary. To achieve this, current conventional methods cannot be used and thus a portable device that provides rapid results is in demand. Such point-of-care (POC) device development for IP-10 analysis is very crucial in the current scenario. Beyond this, the clarification of its physiological role in healthy and infected individuals could allow for more proper utilization in clinical diagnoses, prognoses, treatment monitoring, and more. Overall, this study was developed to summarize the associations currently created between levels of IP-10 and other biomolecules and diseases.Copyright © 2023 The Author(s)
ABSTRACT
Intro: Deoxyribozymes (Dz) are short synthetic DNA oligonucleotides that catalyze the cleavage of a phosphodiester bond between nucleotides in the presence of divalent metal ions. The use of DNAzymes in the in vitro diagnostics increases the specificity and versatility of the analysis. Method(s): We took the well-studied Dz 10-23 with high catalytic activity as the basis of our system. The biosensor is divided into two fragments according to the binary probe principle (Dz1 and Dz2), which consist of target RNA binding sites, a fluorescent substrate (Fsub), and half of the Dz 10-23 catalytic center sequence. Assembly of the Dz 10-23 active center with subsequent Fsub cleavage and registration of a fluorescent signal is possible only if the target RNA is present in the sample. Finding(s): To assess the diagnostic potential of the biosensor, we measured FAM fluorescence in a solution containing synthetic RNA 35 nucleotides long (nip35) corresponding to the NiV target sequence, Fsub labeled with the FAM-BHQ1 and Dz_NiV pair. A mixture of Dz_NiV and Fsub was used as a control. The detection limit of the target RNA reached 5 nM, the signal development time was 30 minutes at a temperature of 37 C . Discussion(s): The specificity of Dz_NiV was evaluated in the presence of synthetic RNAs from six other RNA viruses of similar length: Hendra, Machupo, Sabia, Junin, Guanarito, and SARS-CoV. A fluorescent signal was recorded only in the presence of nip35 in the reaction mixture. The efficiency of Dz_NiV on a long fragment was tested using a plasmid with a cloned target sequence. The site is about 700 b.p. was amplified by PCR, followed by transcription. Conclusion(s): It was developed the highly specific biosensor Dz_NiV for the detection of Nipah virus RNA with a sensitivity limit of 5 nM at 37 C .Copyright © 2023